Kindling-/Sensitization-Konzept 

Maviglia, M., Cooeyate, N., Hume, D. et al. (2024). Kindling in psychopharmacology: Unveiling an overlooked clinical challenge with significant implications. Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry, 15, 282-290. 

Kaymaz, N., van Os, J., Loonen, A. J., & Nolen, W. A. (2008). Evidence that patients with single versus recurrent depressive episodes are differentially sensitive to treatment discontinuation: A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69(9). 

Andrews, P. W., Kornstein, S. G., Halberstadt, L. J., Gardner, C. O., & Neale, M. C. (2011). Blue again: Perturbational effects of antidepressants suggest monoaminergic homeostasis in major depression. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 159. 

Kraus, J. E. (2000). Sensitization phenomena in psychiatric illness: Lessons from the kindling model. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 12(3), 328–343. 

Fava, G. A. (1999). Potential sensitising effects of antidepressant drugs on depression. CNS drugs, 12(4), 247-256. 

Becker, H. C. (1998). Kindling in alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol Health and Research World, 22(1), 25–33.
 

Bell, I. R., Rossi III, J., Gilbert, M. E., Kobal, G., Morrow, L. A., Newlin, D. B., ... & Wood, R. W. (1997). Testing the neural sensitization and kindling hypothesis for illness from low levels of environmental chemicals. Environmental Health Perspectives, 105(Suppl. 2), 539–547. 

Entzugssyndrom 

Kalfas, M., Lewis, G., & Jauhar, S. (2025). Short-Term Trials Underestimate Antidepressant Withdrawal—Reply. JAMA psychiatry, 82(12), 1255-1256. 
 

Horowitz, M. A., & Davies, J. (2025). Hidden costs: The clinical and research pitfalls of mistaking antidepressant withdrawal for relapse. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 94(1), 3-7.

Cohen, D., Strassle, C. L., & Badre, N. (2025). Antidepressant Use and Withdrawal: A Review of Current Evidence and Clinical Recommendations. Psychiatric Clinics. 

Rennwald, A., & Hengartner, M. P. (2025). Post-acute withdrawal syndrome (PAWS) after stopping antidepressants: a systematic review with meta-narrative synthesis. Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences, 34, e29. 

Horowitz, M. A., Buckman, J. E., Saunders, R., Aguirre, E., Davies, J., & Moncrieff, J. (2025). Antidepressants withdrawal effects and duration of use: a survey of patients enrolled in primary care psychotherapy services. Psychiatry Research, 350, 116497. 

Perry, T. (2025). Antidepressant withdrawal syndrome-Update. In Therapeutics Letter. Therapeutics Initiative. 

Mahmood, R., Wallace, V., Wiles, N., Kessler, D., Button, K. S., & Fairchild, G. (2024). The lived experience of withdrawal from Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants: A qualitative interview study. Health Expectations, 27(1), e13966. 

Li, K., Zhou, G., Xiao, Y., Gu, J., Chen, Q., Xie, S., & Wu, J. (2022). Risk of suicidal behaviors and antidepressant exposure among children and adolescents: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Frontiers in psychiatry, 13, 880496. 

Cosci, F., & Chouinard, G. (2020). Acute and persistent withdrawal syndromes following discontinuation of psychotropic medications. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 89(5), 283–306. 

Fava, G. A. (2020). May antidepressant drugs worsen the conditions they are supposed to treat? The clinical foundations of the oppositional model of tolerance. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 10, 2045125320970325. 

Guy, A., Brown, M., Lewis, S., & Horowitz, M. (2020). The ‘patient voice’: Patients who experience antidepressant withdrawal symptoms are often dismissed, or misdiagnosed with relapse, or a new medical condition. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 10, 2045125320967183. 

Groot, P. C., & van Os, J. (2020). How user knowledge of psychotropic drug withdrawal resulted in the development of person-specific tapering medication. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology.

Read, J., Renton, J., Harrop, C., Geekie, J., & Dowrick, C. (2020). A survey of UK general practitioners about depression, antidepressants and withdrawal: Implementing the 2019 Public Health England report. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 10. 

Kulkarni, H., Kulkarni, S., & Saiyad, M. (2020). Severe antidepressant discontinuation syndrome for fluoxetine. Annals of Indian Psychiatry, 4(1), 98. 

Hengartner, M. P., Schulthess, L., Sørensen, A., & Framer, A. (2020). Protracted withdrawal syndrome after stopping antidepressants: A descriptive quantitative analysis of consumer narratives from a large internet forum. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 10. 

Hengartner, M. P., Jakobsen, J. C., Sørensen, A., & Plöderl, M. (2020). Efficacy of new-generation antidepressants assessed with the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, the gold standard clinician rating scale: A meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials. PLoS ONE, 15(2), e0229381. 

Hengartner, M. P., Davies, J., & Read, J. (2020). Antidepressant withdrawal – the tide is finally turning. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 29. 

Hengartner, M. P. (2020). How effective are antidepressants for depression over the long term? A critical review of relapse prevention trials and the issue of withdrawal confounding. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 10, 2045125320921694. 

Davies, J., & Read, J. (2019). A systematic review into the incidence, severity and duration of antidepressant withdrawal effects: Are guidelines evidence-based? Addictive Behaviors, 97, 111–121. 

Davies, J., Read, J., Hengartner, M. P., Cosci, F., Fava, G., Chouinard, G., Offidani, E., ... (2019). Clinical guidelines on antidepressant withdrawal urgently need updating. BMJ, 365. 

Eckert, N. (2019). Antidepressiva. Ungeahnte Effekte der Therapie. Deutsches Ärzteblatt, 50, 2346–2349. 

Fava, G. A., & Cosci, F. (2019). Addressing clinical challenges of antidepressant discontinuation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 176(6), 487–488. 

Fava, G. A., & Cosci, F. (2019). Understanding and managing withdrawal syndromes after discontinuation of antidepressant drugs. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 80(6). 

Hengartner, M. P., & Plöderl, M. (2019). Newer-generation antidepressants and suicide risk in randomized controlled trials: A re-analysis of the FDA database. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 88(4), 247–248. 

Henssler, J., Heinz, A., Brandt, L., & Bschor, T. (2019). Antidepressant withdrawal and rebound phenomena. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 116(20), 355–361. 

Horowitz, M. A., & Taylor, D. (2019). Tapering of SSRI treatment to mitigate withdrawal symptoms. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(6), 538–546. 

Iacobucci, G. (2019). NICE updates antidepressant guidelines to reflect severity and length of withdrawal symptoms. BMJ, 367. 

Kirsch, I. (2019). Placebo effect in the treatment of depression and anxiety. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10. 

Récalt, A. M., & Cohen, D. (2019). Withdrawal confounding in randomized controlled trials of antipsychotic, antidepressant, and stimulant drugs, 2000–2017. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 88(2), 105–113. 

Taylor, S., Annand, F., Burkinshaw, P., Greaves, F., Kelleher, M., Knight, J., ... & Marsden, J. (2019). Dependence and withdrawal associated with some prescribed medicines. London: Public Health England. 

Fava, G. A., Benasi, G., Lucente, M., Offidani, E., Cosci, F., & Guidi, J. (2018). Withdrawal symptoms after serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor discontinuation: Systematic review. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 87(4), 195–203. 

Fluyau, D., Revadigar, N., & Manobianco, B. E. (2018). Challenges of the pharmacological management of benzodiazepine withdrawal, dependence, and discontinuation. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 8(5), 147–168. 

Stockmann, T., Odegbaro, D., Timimi, S., & Moncrieff, J. (2018). SSRI and SNRI withdrawal symptoms reported on an internet forum. International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine, 29(3–4), 175–180. 

Moncrieff, J. (2006). Why is it so difficult to stop psychiatric drug treatment? It may be nothing to do with the original problem. Medical Hypotheses, 67(3), 517–523. 

Warner, C. H., Bobo, W., Warner, C. M., Reid, S., & Rachal, J. (2006). Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome. American Family Physician, 74(3), 449–456. 

Chouinard, G., & Chouinard, V. A. (2015). New classification of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor withdrawal. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 84(2), 63–71. 

Fava, G. A., Gatti, A., Belaise, C., Guidi, J., & Offidani, E. (2015). Withdrawal symptoms after selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor discontinuation: A systematic review. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 84(2), 72–81. 

Belaise, C., Gatti, A., Chouinard, V. A., & Chouinard, G. (2012). Patient online report of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced persistent postwithdrawal anxiety and mood disorders. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 81(6), 386–388. 

Nielsen, M., Hansen, E. H., & Gøtzsche, P. C. (2012). What is the difference between dependence and withdrawal reactions? A comparison of benzodiazepines and selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors. Addiction, 107(5), 900–908. 

Carvalho, A. F., Sharma, M. S., Brunoni, A. R., Vieta, E., & Fava, G. A. (2016). The safety, tolerability and risks associated with the use of newer generation antidepressant drugs: A critical review of the literature. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 85(5), 270–288. 

Kirsch, I., Deacon, B. J., Huedo-Medina, T. B., Scoboria, A., Moore, T. J., & Johnson, B. T. (2008). Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: A meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. PLoS Medicine, 5(2), e45.